CATCALLING AS AN UNCONSCIOUS FORM OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Catcalling or street harassment rampant happening around us unnoticed and the term is still foreign among the people. Catcalling is a form of sexual harassment in public spaces in the form of “spoiled calls” or comment to the body shapes of women that directs to sexual orientation and sexual stimulation visually. Example of “spoiled calls” or catcalling such as “beautiful”, “baby”, “sexy”, “hey girl” and so on. The call occur in public spaces such as in mall, bus stop, public transportation, in the stations, in the road, in the market, in the office, and other general places. Sometimes the call doesn’t make women uncomfortable even they feel afraid. Catcalling is the temptation that leads to sexual activity for women not as a compliment to the women face, but rather to seek attention to women with hope they have sex. Women are made into male objects to be seduced as first step toward rape. In various countries in the US and Europe, there is a law that protects to victim of catcalling. Meanwhile, in Indonesia there is no law that protects to victim of catcalling so that women have to protect themselves.

Catcalling sexual harassment cannot be separated from sexism and gender concept. Indirectly, catcaller has degraded women’s dignity as victim because they have been harassed visually with “spoiled calls”. It is also influenced by patriarchy culture which still strong in society so male feel more powerful than women and male feel free do anything to women include sexual harassment activity. Most victims of sexual harassment is woman because the effect of man power in patriarchy culture which arbitrarily imposed woman. Sexual perception of sexual harasser determine their sexual behavior. Sometimes catcaller for men only reputed as a joke with woman. But, there is no related between catcalling sexual harassment and a joke because women just keep feeling uncomfortable and feeling herself threatened.

There are some impacts felt by the victims of catcalling such as psychological trauma so that women feeling afraid to hangout alone. Women feeling insecure to be in public spaces because they worried that the catcalling incident will recur to herself. Due to the catcalling behavior is form of sexual harassment which still being strange and not yet realized by society, then people around women who being the victims of catcalling sexual harassment cannot help the victims. The lack of knowledge about sexual harassment such as catcalling make women more insecure if they are in public places by herself. The need for expansion of knowledge about catcalling as the form of sexual harassment in order to we realize together and can help to women around us who already being the victims of sexual harassment. Knowledge as basic in order to we can act against sexual harassment. 

ONLINE BUSINESS BECOMES AN OPTION TO REALIZE GENDER RELATIONS

In the patriarchy culture, it is usually hard for women to entering the public sector and generate money independently. They have to work in the domestic sector only and be appropriate in their nature. They are prohibited work on the outside because its reputed to break the rules and values in society. But nowadays, many women can work on the outside and being a career woman. People’s mindsets have changed to that gender roles must be equal in order to realize shared prosperity in society.

In this modern era, some women can work in the public sector to look for income just as men who look for income on the outside. Women with limitations in terms of education, skill and work experience, employment opportunities, biological factors and physical ability can work by being women home-based workers. Being women home-based workers makes women able to work in the public sphere and have an income without leaving their domestic work so that they can balance both jobs at the same time. Women home-based workers can be found in the home industries such as handy-crafts shops, and women build their businesses by online shop without building a shop. Furthermore, building their own business can be an option for women who have a limitation of educational background and skill to generate income but keep at home, because of its informal nature. Currently, a home based business interests women in order to help their husband to get income but still do domestic work at home.

Increased employment opportunities for women in the home industry sector are caused by several things. Firstly, entering the venture doesn’t require a high class of education. Secondly, the conditions demanded by women workers are easier than men workers who have to work outside. Mostly, women who have a low quality of social background have a strong desire to work. The low standard of family economic background also becomes an encouragement for women to work. Along with the times of advances in technology, online businesses begin to rise and become easy to access through many market places or social media which can help sell products widely and rapidly. It can be an influence for today’s women to become more advanced by developing their household business. Online businesses are an opportunity for women to be able to realize gender equality and prove that women can generate income as men do but with a different way. In addition, many women develop a business based on the result of their cooking habit at home and then they have an idea to open a restaurant or sell several kinds of snacks through an online shop system. Besides, women also do their business by re-seller system or drop-ship which takes from other online shops so they haven’t products made by themselves. In addition, the goods which are bought are apparels, bags, and other. For women who have shopping as their hobby, then they may open private services through online shop. On the other side, for women who have other skills such as weaving, making handy-crafts, and other creative skills, the goods can be bought on market place online or by a physical shop. Nowadays women begin to advance gender relations in their family to contribute together to generate income to be used as family finance. It can make an increase in family prosperity level.

Gender relations are social connections between man and woman in the community and family. In social life, wife and husband build good interactions and obligations as a couple in a family. It seems there is involvement between the wife and husband doing role collaboration and social interaction. Gender relations can appear from collaboration between husband and wife who work both based on their purpose to improve family finance in order to make an increase in family prosperity.

 Gender relations are also seen when a wife is permitted by her husband to build a business like home industry or just re-seller and drop-ship through online shop. Giving permission to a wife is also included in gender relations because men give freedom to their wives to make the decision. Women nowadays are not being a subordinate object anymore. They have freedom to work and generate income by themself, and do not depend on their husband anymore. Besides, income that they got is also for family interests. Women nowadays can help make a role being source of family finance. It seems that wife and husband make a collaboration to realize gender relations.

In conclusion, nowadays women can work from home by being women home-based workers. Online shops are an alternative for women to generate income independently without depending on their husband. There are many markets by application or through social media to sell their goods widely. Women who open their online shop can help family finances because the source of finance is not only from husband but also from wife. Wife and husband are building role collaboration making an increase in family prosperity. It shows that gender relations between husband and wife can work well. 

HUTAN PINUS MANGUNAN: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ECOTOURISM THROUGH NATURE CONSERVATION BY LOCAL COMMUNITY IN MANGUNAN VILLAGE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2030

¹Ewinda Adlina Hashifa, ²Salma Aulia Khosibah, ³Virgiawan Listyanto

¹Student University, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia

 ²Student University, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia

³Student University, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia

Email: ¹ewindaadlinahashifa@gmail.com, ²salma824@gmail.com, ³virgiawanl39@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper presents Hutan Pinus Mangunan as the economic development based on ecotourism through nature conservation by local community in Mangunan Village transform ordinary forest into protected forest that were used as ecotourism objects through nature conservation. The management of Hutan Pinus Mangunan runned by the local community itself in Mangunan Village and did a macro social network with the government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Tourism Office. Local community also develops ecotourism businesses by social media such as instagram then Hutan Pinus Mangunan became famous and popular place. It affects the social and economic changes in the community of Mangunan Village such as improved community welfare and social opneness to people from outside region. The community of Mangunan Village had been able to develops its own economic independently without any intervetion form foreign parties so that the local community of Mangunan Village could already be said to parcipate in the sustainable development 2030 program. 

Index terms: Hutan Pinus Mangunan, economic development, ecotourism, nature conservation, sustainable development 2030.

REFERENCES

[1] Damsar, Pengantar Sosiologi Ekonomi, Jakarta: Kencana, 2009.

[2] Agus Salim, Perubahan Sosial—Sketsa Teori dan refleksi Metodologi Kasus Indonesia, Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Jogja, 2002.

[3] Beni Ahmad Saebani, Perspektif Perubahan Sosial, Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia, 2016.

[4] Wiendu Nuryanti and Won-Gyu Hwang, “Summary Report of Ecotourism in Yogyakarta (Indonesia),” in Private and Public Sector Partnership in Tourism Development, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 90–94.